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These are the notes from the print edition of Maximizing Harm. Wherever possible , links have been identified.

"On the job drug testing can be shown to hurt morale at work…." Shepard, Edward, et al (1998, September). "Drug Testing and Labor Productivity: Estimates Applying a Production Function Model." Le Moyne College Institute of Industrial Relations Research Paper Number 18, pp. 1-30. Available online at http://www.lindesmith.org/library/shepard2.html.

"…it can encourage some drug users to try more dangerous substances that aren’t easily detected." Standard urine tests are capable or detecting most drugs (like cocaine and heroin) for one to three days after the drug use takes place. Marijuana can be detected for weeks, possibly as long as a month. Some drugs, like alcohol and LSD, aren't even detected by most drug tests. So, instead of using a drug that poses relatively little risk the user, like marijuana, anyone facing the possibility of a random drug test would likely want to cut their odds of being caught by using a more dangerous drug. To see how long drug tests will detect a particular drug, see Holtdorf, Kent (1997). Ur-ine Trouble. Scottsdale, AZ: Vandalay Press, p. 103.

"Propaganda …doesn't work and it makes some drug use more appealing." Marijuana Policy Project (1999, Summer). "Anti-Drug Ads Increase Teens' Interest in Drugs." Marijuana Policy Report, p. 10.

"And, fighting drugs with police and soldiers clearly makes the drug trade more profitable…" For more on this, see Chapter 1, section 1.6.

1.1 SOME NUMBERS

"Just since 1985, when the budget was $2.7 billion, spending has increased more than 600 percent …" U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1999). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1999. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"When those costs are considered, the ultimate price tag is several times higher…" The higher drug budget estimate come from Langton, Phyllis (1996). The Social World of Drugs. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Group, p. 94. Another even higher estimate is available at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/graphs/17.htm.

"Costs rise … because we are paying more to build more prisons…" U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, p. 18. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"Drug offenders account for nearly three-quarters of the total growth in federal prison inmates…" The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997, pp. 18-20. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"However, judging by the goals federal drug czar Barry McCaffrey listed in a speech on national drug control…" McCaffrey, Barry (Aug. 1, 1997). "National Drug Control." Vital Speeches of the Day, pp. 622-623.

"Here are some recent trends as of the year 2000…" Specific sources for each of the following trends are listed below, and though some sources are older, the general trends are still verified by the Office of National Drug Control's National Drug Control Strategy of 2000, which is available at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. For good commentary on statistics for 2000, see the testimony of Eric Sterling before a U.S. House Committee from March 23, 2000, available online at http://www.drcnet.org/wol/130.html#strategy.

"Hard core drug use continues to rise, as does emergency room visits related to it…" Bertram, Eva et al (1996). Drug War Politics. Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press, p. 15.

"Reports of drug-induced deaths more than doubled between 1980 and 1994…" Bureau of Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, Wash., D.C., 1997, p. 104.

"Reports of teen drug use have increased…"Associated Press (Aug. 14, 1997). "12-year-olds report increased drug use; more teens trying heroin, study says." Printed in Daily Herald (Ill.), p. 1. Also see National Household Drug Survey online at http://www.health.org/pubs/nhsda/index.htm for more current statistics.

"Of course some things are going down, like the street price of drugs …" U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, pp. 13 and 21. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"'Interdiction Efforts in Central America Have Had Little Impact on the Flow of Drugs,'…" Government Accounting Office (Aug. 2, 1994).Interdiction Efforts in Central America Have Had Little Impact on the Flow of Drugs.GAO/NSIAD-94-233. Available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/GOVPUBS/gao/gao4.htm.

"'Heavy Investment in Military Surveillance is Not Paying Off'…" Government Accounting Office (Sept. 1, 1993). Heavy Investment in Military Surveillance Not Paying Off. GAO/NSIAD-93-220.

"Even more direct in its condemnation of the drug war is a 1999 report from Public Health Reports…" Drucker, Ernest (Jan.-Feb., 1999). "Drug Prohibition and Public Health: Adverse Outcomes." Public Health Reports, Journal of The US Public Health Service. Available online at: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99.n047.a07.html.

1.2 BENEFITS FOR CITIZENS

"Researchers routinely record data that contradicts and conflicts with data from other surveys…" Leen, Jeff (Jan.2, 1998). "Number Jumble Clouds Judgment of Drug War." Washington Post, p. 1.

"For example, between 1985-1988, self-reported use of marijuana went down 33 percent …while an increase in domestic marijuana production was estimated at 119 percent." Sidney, Stephen (summer, 1990). "Evidence of Discrepant Data Regarding Trends in Marijuana Use and Supply, 1985-1988." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, pp. 319-324.

"Likewise, the U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy suggests casual use of cocaine has been decreasing…"U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1997), National Drug Control Strategy, pp. 9-10. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"As one journalist and researcher noted: "The key question…" Males, Mike (1996). The Scapegoat Generation. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, pp. 145-149, especially p. 146. Also see the critique of one self-reported survey in Langton, Phyllis, The Social World of Drugs (1996). p. 150. For a different study that indicates some drug users lie about their drug use even when nothing is at stake, see Falk, Russel, et al (Fall, 1992). "The Validity of Injection Drug Users Self-Reported Use of Opiates and Cocaine." The Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 823-832.

"…William Bennett, suggested that drug sellers be killed without trial … Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates said casual drug users 'ought to be taken out and shot…'".Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey, Westport, Conn.: Praeger, p. 186.

"While traditional surveys showed about 117,000 hard core drug users in and around Chicago, a study focused more on people in homeless shelters…" Bendavid, Naftali (Dec. 12, 1997). "US IL: 342,000 Labeled HardCore Drugs Users." Chicago Tribune, online.

"How much of an increase depends on which estimates of use are considered…" Drug policy reform pioneer Arnold Trebach compares the commonly accepted ratio of addicts in the general population of 4.59 per 1,000 in the late 19th century America to more current estimates of drug addiction, which show a rate of anywhere from 6.03 to 40.2 addicts per 1,000 people. See Trebach, Arnold et al, Legalize It? (1993). Washinigton, D.C.: The American University Press, pp. 48-54.

1.3 FROM RHETORIC TO REALITY

"Each successive law became more punitive, until the past 15 years, in which drug policies have mutated into super-laws…" For informative and entertaining examinations of early and recent American drug policy history, see King, Rufus (1974). The Drug Hang-Up. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, and Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

"'Who's responsible? Let me tell you straight out. Everyone who uses drugs…'"George Bush quoted in Bertram et al, Drug War Politics, p. 114.

"Questions about patriotism and integrity surface…" For several examples, see Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey, pp. 140-190.

"Not only has violence been employed, but also propaganda, abandonment of normal civil rights…" For a good examination of this subject see Alexander, Bruce (1990). Peaceful Measures. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 3-51.

1.4 THE SPOILS OF VICTORY

"Some researchers see intoxication as a basic human pursuit…" Siegel, Ronald (1989). Intoxication. New York: Dutton, especially p. 77-81.

"People throughout recorded history have taken different types of drugs…" Weil, Andrew (1986). The Natural Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 17-38.

"This chart gives some idea of what's happening…" The chart comes from Meier, Kenneth (1994). The Politics of Sin, p. xiii. (Based on a chart originally designed by James Ostrowski.) It should be noted that many observers have argued that the official statistics for tobacco related deaths have been severely exaggerated. For an example, see Wagner David (1997). The New Temperance. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, pp. 78-83.

"…human ingenuity would prevail and new types of intoxicants would be created or discovered." This is already happening. See Shulgin, Alexander et al (1998). Phikal. Berkeley, Ca.: Transform Press.

1.5 INSATIABLE DEMAND

"Some researchers see intoxicant use (and abuse) as a way for humans to adapt…"Alexander, Bruce (1990). Peaceful Measures, pp. 258-291.

"Those who have no hope do not seem to be intimidated by the prospect of punishment …"Currie, Elliott (1993). Reckoning, pp.154-163.

"Another study showed that two-thirds or more of heroin users returned to heroin…" See previous note for Currie, p. 154.

"One study of addicts in Texas showed that more than half of those who quit illegal drugs became alcoholics…" See previous note for Currie, p. 156. Also see Bertram et al (1996). Drug War Politics, pp. 28-29.

"Simply stated '...when one drug goes up in consumption, others go down.'" Quoted from Gazzaniga, Michael (1990). "The Opium of the People: Crack in Perspective." In Evans, Rod, Berent, Irwin (1992). Drug Legalization. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court, p. 238.

"Look at the city of Miami, for example…" Miller, Richard Lawrence (1991). The Case For Legalizing Drugs. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, p.64. Also see Currie, Elliott (1993). Reckoning, pp. 156-158.

1.6 PRIMING THE PUMP

"The high demand for these drugs … make for what has been called 'the profit paradox.'" Phrase comes from Betram, et al (1996). Drug War Politics, pp. 13-25.

"That phenomenon, described by some as 'the hydra effect'…" Phrase comes from Betram, et al (1996). Drug War Politics, pp. 13-25.

1.7 DEJA VU

"Predictable results included…" All these examples come from McWilliams, Peter (1990). Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do. Los Angeles: Prelude Press, pp. 67-79. Available online at http://www.mcwilliams.com/books/aint/402.htm.

"Dozens of failed attempts to stop the use of drugs have been cataloged…" Ostrowski, James (1989). "Thinking About Drug Legalization." Available online at http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa121.html Also see Szasz, Thomas (1985). Ceremonial Chemistry. Holmes Beach, Fl., pp. 183-219.

"'In fact, there appears to be no clear relationship between drug use and drug policy.'" Quote from Gordon, Diana (1994). The Return of the Dangerous Classes. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., p. 271. Also see Boaz, David (1990). The Crisis in Drug Prohibition. Cato, p. 46. and Trebach, Arnold (1987). The Great Drug War. New York: Macmillian, pp.172-176. An interesting study also suggests that the reported dip in drug use through the 1980s had nothing to do with law enforcement efforts. See Jacobson, Chanoch et al (Winter, 1992). "Illegal Drugs: Past, Present and Possible Futures." Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 105-119.

"In China, forced incarcerations for drug users and executions…" Lin, Jennifer (May 15, 1997). "China's War on Drug Users," Philadelphia Inquirer, online. Also see Reuters (Jan. 22, 1998). "China Drug Busts, Detox Camp Inmates Soared Last Year," online.

"Drug tests at a Washington, D.C. prison found that about 9 % of its inmates had drugs…" Thompson, Cheryl W. (July 12, 1997). "Drug Use Appears Rife Among D.C. Prisoners." Washington Post, p. B01.

"'If we wanted to kill everybody who had [a small amount] of heroin, we'd have to kill 5,000 people…'" Quoted by Trebach, Arnold (Fall, 1981). "The Lessons of Ayatollah Khalkhali." Journal of Drug Issues, pp.391-392.

GRAPHS

The first graph concerning the drug war budgets comes from the National Drug Control Policy (1999). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1999. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html

The second graph concerning the number of marijuana arrests comes is adapted from a similar graph created by the Marijuana Policy Project (2000, Winter). "Marijuana Arrests Stay Near Record High Level." Marijuana Policy Report, p. 12. For more details on marijuana arrests, see http://www.mpp.org/prisoners.html.

The third graph concerning the percentage of tenth graders reporting marijuana use came from the 1999 Monitoring the Future Survey performed by the University of Michigan, and the particular table used to create the graph is available online at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/data/99data/pr99t1a.pdf.

Quotation: Szasz, Thomas (1988). "A Plea for the Cessation of the Longest War of the Twentieth Century – The War on Drugs." Printed in Evans, Rod L. et al, (1992) Drug Legalization: For and Against. LaSalle, Il.: Open Court, p.257.

2.1 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT WITHOUT CRIMES (p. - p.)

"Esequiel Hernandez was an 18-year-old high school student in Texas…" To read several media accounts of this incident online see: http://www.mapinc.org/DPFT/hernandez/#media.

"Neither was Donald Scott, a 61-year-old millionaire…" Duke, Steven B. et al (1993) America’s Longest War. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, p. 145.

"Another `mistake' cost the life of Accelyne Williams…" Bertram et al, Drug War Politics, p. 46.

"84-year-old Annie Rae Dixon was bed-ridden…" Norris, Mikki, et al (1998). Shattered Lives, Portraits From America’s Drug War. El Cerrito, Ca.: Creative Expressions, p. 62.

"When nine Houston, Texas police officers entered Pedro Oregon’s apartment…" Bardwell, S.K. (July 21, 1998). "Police Shot Man 12 Times in Raid." Houston Chronicle, online. To see many more articles about this incident search http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/index.htm using the keyword "Pedro Oregon."

2.2 UNWARRANTED BRUTALITY

"According to a series of articles in the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, about 300 people…" Gazarick, Richard (Aug. 5, 1995) "Drug law task force generates lawsuits, ill will," and "Three years after misguided raid, couple awaits apology from state," Pittsburg Tribune-Review, online.

"The national press finally did take notice as the activities of some police officers from Los Angeles…" For the national coverage see Booth, Cathy (Feb. 28, 2000) "L.A.'s Bandits in Blue," Time Magazine, online. For an archive of articles about the scandal, see http://www.mapinc.org/rampart.htm.

2.3 SEARCHES WITHOUT CONSENT

"For example, 600 people were searched at an airport in Buffalo…" Duke et al, America’s Longest War, p. 126.

"Another report indicated 84 percent of the people subjected to cavity searches at the U.S.-Mexican border…" Trebach, The Great Drug War, p. 220.

"At Chicago’s O’Hare Airport, U.S. Customs officials conducted 104 strip searches…" Herguth, Robert (July 15, 1998). "Strip searches at O'Hare airport raise eyebrows." Daily Herald, p. 9.

"A plan by devised by federal bank regulators in 1998 would have made information…" Wahl, Melissa (Jan. 12, 1999). "Bank Reporting Plan Draws Fire," Chicago Tribune, Business section, online.

"Willy Jones, the owner of a landscaping business, was about to board an airplane…" Weir, William (1995) In the Shadow of the Dope Fiend. North Haven, Conn.: Archon Books, pp.229-231.

"U.S. Congressman Henry Hyde has stated that 80 percent of the people who lose property…" Hyde, Henry (1995) Forfeiting Our Property Rights. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, p. 56. Also see Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, pp. 91-141.

"Hyde also documented instances in which police stopped cars…" Hyde, Henry (1995). Forfeiting Our Property Rights, p. 38, pp. 31-33.

2.4 INCREASING CRIME

"A study of such a program in Switzerland indicated the percentage of addicts…" Associated Press (July 11, 1997) "Swiss heroin program has good results," Daily Herald , Ill. p. 15. The report itself is available through the Lindesmith Center archives at http://www.lindesmith.org/library/presumm.html.

"As anthropologist Phillipe Bourgois has written, `Regular displays of violence…'" Bourgois, Phillipe (1997) "In Search of Horatio Alger." Printed in Reinarman, Craig et al (1997) Crack in America. Berkely: University of California, p. 65.

".Some research indicates half of those killed in drug-related violence are such innocents." Gross et al, America’s Longest War,, pp.110-111.

"The rise of crack cocaine coincided with the spread of street gangs across the nation…" Webb, Gary, (1998) Dark Alliance. New York: Seven Stories, pp. 186.

"Gang membership doubled between 1984 and 1988…" Martinez, Fred B. (1992) "The Impact of Gangs and Drugs in the Community,", printed in Cervantes Richard C. (1992) Substance Abuse and Gang Violence. Newberry Park, Ca.: Sage Publications, pp.63-66.

"Since the stakes become higher for the dealers, they can become more willing to use lethal force…" Rasmussen, David W. and Benson, Bruce L. (1994) The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp.101-107.

"Drug markets often relocate in another neighborhood…" Bertram et al, Drug War Politics, pp. 24-25.

"Blumstein suggests that kids who join the drug trade bring violence…" National Institute of Justice Research Preview, (June, 1996) Youth Violence, Guns, and Illicit Drug Markets. A summary of a presentation by Alfred Blumstein. The complete report is available online at: http://www.drugtext.org/articles/blumstein.htm.

2.5 LOSING FOCUS

"Professors David Rasmussen and Bruce Benson note, `...as a direct consequence of getting tough on drugs…'" Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, p.205.

"For example, in 1990, the U.S. Department of Justice encouraged all U.S. Attorneys to take personnel off criminal cases…" Hyde, Forfeiting our Property Rights, p. 35.

"Likewise, the FBI has ignored white-collar crime in recent years…" Burnham, David (Aug. 11, 1997). "The FBI." The Nation, p. 12.

"In Florida in the late 1980s, property crimes increased…" Rasmussen, David W. and Benson, Bruce L. (Fall, 1996). Predatory Public Finance and the Origins of the War on Drugs 1984­1989. The Independent Review. Available at: http://independent.org/tii/content/pubs/review/0996-ben.html.

"One researcher found the decriminalization of marijuana …to be related to reduced violent crime…" The marijuana study is cited in Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, pp. 106-107. For more information about the relationship of alcohol to violence see Roth, Jeffrey A. (Feb,. 1994) "Psychoactive Substances and Violence." National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief. Available online at: http://www.pdxnorml.org/violence.html This review notes that alcohol is the only drug, legal or illegal, that seems to have a consistent connection with violence in its users

"In Florida before 1984, prisoners generally served 50 percent of their sentences." Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, pp.99-100.

"As researcher James Ostrowski noted, 'In the world of scarce prison resources…'" Ostrowski, James (1989). "Thinking About Drug Legalization." Available online at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa121.html.

"Sending drug offenders to prison has another unintended consequence…" Benjamin Daniel K., Miller, Roger LeRoy (1991). Undoing drugs : Beyond Legalization. New York, NY : BasicBooks, p. 104.

2.6 INSTITUTIONAL BREAKDOWN

"A commission created to look at corruption in the New York City Police Department…" Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and Anti-corruption Procedures of the NY City Police Dept. (Dec. 27, 1993). Interim report and principal recommendations.

"In a small Louisiana community a local chief of police was caught…" Dateline NBC (Aug. 21, 1997) "Probable Cause?".

"The number of public officials federally convicted of corruption rose…" Thornton, Mark (1989) Economics of Prohibition. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, p. 128.

"The number of convictions of federal officials quadrupled…" Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, p. 116.

"Drug corruption can be found somewhere at almost every level of government…" For details on the examples from Arkansas, see Leveritt, Mara (1999). The Boys on the Tracks. New York: St. Martin's Press.

"At the same time, that $135,000 could have paid…" Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, p. 117.

"In 1980, drug cases made up 14 % of criminal trials. "Duke et al, America’s Longest War, op cit, p. 177-178. Also "U.S. Courts: Too many cases, too few judges," Chicago Tribune, p.1, Aug. 15, 1997.

"Nearly 60 percent of federal prisoners were behind bars…" U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy, (1997). National Drug Control Strategy, p. 18. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

2.7 PAYING OUR SHARE

"It has been estimated that $37 billion could be saved every year…" Online see: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/savings.htm.

"Hemp, a fiber used to make rope, canvas and paper…" Tompson, Eric C., et al (1998). Economic Impacts of Industrial Hemp in Kentucky. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, Center for Business and Economic Research, p. 21.

"Hemp was an important crop throughout much of American history." Herer, Jack (1993). The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Van Nuys, Ca.: Hemp Publishing, pp. 1-22.

"But now, American farmers, now strictly prohibited from growing…"Hemp is produced legally in many European countries, as well as Canada. It could come to America soon, though, as the DEA in late 1999 approved a very small hemp crop to be grown in Hawaii.

2.8 MAKING IT A CRIME TO BE SICK

"Marijuana has been used as medicine for thousands of years…" Grinspoon, Lester, and Bakalar, James B. (1997) Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

"However, when medical patients are caught using marijuana, they are frequently prosecuted, jailed, fined and denied their medicine…" This is even becoming a problem for jails that need to accommodate the sick people who are being incarcerated. For example see Pilcher, James (Feb. 18, 2000). "Quadriplegic Sentenced for Drugs," Associated Press, online.

"Though different reports (including one from an administrative law judge for the DEA!)…" Young, Francis L. (Sept. 6, 1988). Opinion and Recommended Ruling, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Decision of Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young. Available online at http://mojo.calyx.net/~olsen/MEDICAL/YOUNG/young.html.

"The program has been limited to eight people…" Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey, 67-69.

"Some doctors recognize heroin as one of the most effective painkillers known to man…" Trebach, Arnold (1982) The Heroin Solution. Yale University Press, pp. 59-84.

"Patients who could be helped by it are instead condemned…" Trebach, Arnold (1987). The Great Drug War, pp. 290-327.

"One doctor told Time Magazine, "I tend to under prescribe…'" Goreman, Christine (April 28, 1997). "The Case for Morphine," Time Magazine, pp. 64-65.

2.9 MORE HEALTH PROBLEMS

"By denying intravenous drug users access to legal needles…" Duke et al, (1993). America’s Longest War, p. 194.

"Different medical studies have shown that legal needle exchanges can reduce the rate of AIDS spread…" For example, see Hurley, Susan F., Jolley, Damien J. and Kaldor, John M., "Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection," (June 21, 1997) The Lancet, pp. 1797-1800.

2.10 WHAT PROPERTY RIGHTS?

"The document has been abused at other times in America’s history…" For a comprehensive essay on the subject of civil liberties and the war on drugs see Wisotsky, Steve (Oct.2, 1992). "A Society of Suspects: The War on Drugs and Civil Liberties," Policy Analysis. Available online at: http://www.drugtext.org/articles/wisotsky1.htm.

"As an observer wrote a decade ago, there is an "emerging 'drug exception…'"" Duke et al, (1993). America’s Longest War, p. 133, note 71.

"In the past 25 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld virtually every search…" Duke et al, (1993). America’s Longest War, p. 124.

"There have been thousands of instances of innocent people losing their property to government…"Hyde (1995). Forfeiting Our Property Rights, p. 15.

"A hotel in Texas was seized by police after police said the owners didn’t do enough …" Steve Brewer (March 7, 1998). "Seizure Of Hotel Sets Precedent." Houston Chronicle. p. 1.

"These outrages have become so common, congress actually acted in 2000 to reduce…" DRCNet (April 14, 2000). "House Approves Compromise Forfeiture Reform Bill." The Week Online With DRCNet, online. Available at

http://www.drcnet.org/wol/133.html#forfeiturereform.

"In 1999, New York City officials announced a new policy of confiscating the cars of people suspected…" Thompson, Ginger (Feb. 23, 1999). "Police Seize Three Cars in Crackdown." New York Times, online.

"Some other cities announced they would soon follow suit." Washburn, Gary (March 4, 1999). "Daley Out to Seize Autos in DUI Cases." Chicago Tribune, p. 1.

2.11 MARTIAL LAW

"The First Amendment's protection of the free exercise of religion was ignored…" Kubby, Steve (1995). The Politics of Consciousness. Port Towsend, Wash.: Loompanics, p. 23.

"However, property seizures have occurred frequently without a hearing or trial." Kubby, Steve (1995). The Politics of Consciousness, pp. 24-25.

"The Sixth Amendment, which guarantees speedy, public, jury trials is not followed…"Kubby, Steve (1995). The Politics of Consciousness, pp.25-26.

"A Florida man was sentenced to life in prison for growing marijuana…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, pp. 302-303 and pp. 318-319.

"Melinda George is serving a 99-year prison sentence for the sale of one-tenth of a gram…" Norris, Mikki, et al (1998). Shattered Lives, Portraits From America’s Drug War, p. 22.

"Even worse, federal officials have not only invalidated a medical marijuana initiative…" Montgomery, David(Nov. 27, 1998). "US DC: How a DC Referendum Wound Up in Limbo." Washington Post, p. A1. Roughly one year after the election, the tallies were released and a majority of voters had indeed supported the medical marijuana initiative. However, it was still not implemented thanks to federal legislators.

2.12 LET'S ALL PRETEND

"Parents who don’t have the stomach to arrest their children…" Trebach, Arnold (1987). The Great Drug War, pp. 25-63.

"Active students who want to participate in extra curricular activities are randomly tested for drugs…" Steve Rhodes (Nov. 20, 1998). "Drug-Test The Chess Club?" USA Weekend, online.

"Informants frequently lie on the witness stand about associates or acquaintances…" PBS Frontline, Snitch, Jan. 12, 1999. Text available online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch

"A former police chief wrote, "…as someone who spent 35 years wearing a police uniform…" McNamara, Joseph (Feb. 11, 1996). "Has the Drug War Created an Officer Liars' Club?" Los Angeles Times. Available online at: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/DEBATE/mcn/mcn6.htm.

"The war on drugs was founded on lies…" For an excellent examination of the relationship between the drug war and dishonesty, see Gitz, Bradley (Nov. 26, 1999). "Honesty and the War on Drugs," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, online.

2.13 KICKING THEM WHEN THEY'RE DOWN

"Some historians believe America's initial drug laws were attempts to control racial…" Bonnie, Richard J., and Whitebread, Charles H. (1974). The Marijuana Conviction. Charlottesville, Va: University Press of Virginia, pp. 1-31.

"In 1874, San Francisco prohibited opium smoking in public…" Latimer, Dean and Goldburg, Jeff (1981). Flowers in the Blood. New York: Franklin Watts, pp. 208-209.

"Likewise, cocaine laws were established after the drug was associated with African Americans…" Wayne, Morgan H. (1981). Drugs in America. Syracuse, NY.: Syracuse University Press, pp. 92-94 and 138-140. . It is interesting to note that the first federal marijuana law was passed in 1937, during the depths of the great depression, at a time when competion for jobs was tight, and Mexicans were seen as unwanted surplus labor in the southwest. See Musto, David (1973). The American Disease. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 219-220.

"An analysis of PDFA TV ads showed that drug users were much more likely to be portrayed as black…" Elwood, William (1994). Rhetoric in the War on Drugs. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, pp. 81-102.

"Researchers studied the visual images that accompany television news stories…" Jernigan, David and Dorfman. Lori (Summer, 1996). "Visualizing America's Drug Problem, Contemporary Drug Problems, pp. 183-188. The quote comes from p. 188.

"In spite of this fact, law enforcement officials claim they can single someone out as a drug user…" Some law enforcement agencies apparently encourage the practice. See, for example, Campbell, Douglas A. et al (March 7, 1999)."The Path to Glory for NJ Troopers: Arrests, Arrests." Philidelphia Inquirer, online.

"So, for example, one researcher … found that 80 percent of those arrests were of black males…" Study cited in Johns, Christina (1992). Power, Ideology and the War on Drugs. Westport, Conn.:Praeger, pp. 91-92.

"An employed African American male convicted of a drug crime is six times as likely to be sentenced…" Miller, Jerome, (1996). Search and Destroy. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, p. 66.

"90 percent of people arrested for crack offenses are black …" Miller, Jerome, (1996). Search and Destroy, p. 82.

"According to statistics from 1999, 1.4 million African American men…" Allard, Patricia, et al (Jan., 2000). "Regaining the Vote," Report from The Sentencing Project. Available online at http://www.sproject.com/test/news/regainvote.htm.

2.13.1 WOMEN

"Look at the case of JeDonna Young…" Associated Press (Sept. 6, 1997). "One short ride turns into a lifetime for woman in Michigan prison."

"…other women like her often see boyfriends more deeply involved in the drug trade receive lighter sentences…" For a very personal look at some of these situations, see Coyne, Amanda (May, 1997) "The Long Good-Bye." Harper’s Magazine, pp. 70-74.

"Young was granted parole finally in 1999, but her case is hardly a fluke…" For more examples of women serving long sentences for peripheral involvement in drugs, see Norris et al (1998). Shattered Lives, especially pp. 39-51.

"From 1982-1991, the number of women arrested for drug offenses increased…" Kandall, Stephen R. (1997) Substance and Shadow. Cambirdge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, p. 252.

"This lack of prenatal care may put babies at a higher health risk than the use of drugs…" Kandall, Stephen R. (1997) Substance and Shadow, pp. 273-279.

"After the creation of one of the drug war’s most powerful and enduring myths, the crack baby…" Jackson, Janine (September, 1998). "The Myth Of The 'Crack Baby'.’" Extra – The Magazine of FAIR, p. 9-11. The article, and others like it, note that the initially scary stories about crack babies being damaged for the rest of their lives by their mothers crack use, just have not come true as the babies grew up. For another good report on the latest scientific refutation of the crack baby myth, see FitzGerald, Susan (March 3, 2000). " Unexpected Finding On Babies And Drugs," Philadelphia Inquirer, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n311/a10.html.

"As attorney Loren Siegel has written…" Siegel, Loren (1997) "The Pregnancy Police." In Reinarman et al, (1997). Crack in America, pp. 249-259.

2.13.2 LOW INCOME CITIZENS

"The drug war has essentially guaranteed the biggest and most active drug markets…" Zimmer, Lynn (1993). "American Inner-Cities and Drug Policing: Strategies that Maximize Harm to Individuals and Communities," a paper available online at: http://www.drugtext.org/articles/zim1.html.

"And, massive drug sweeps that wouldn't be constitutional in any upscale neighborhood are routinely conducted…" Zeese, Kevin (July, 1989). "Housing: The New Battleground in the War on Drugs." The Drug Policy Letter, p. 4. Printed in Trebach, Arnold et al (1990). Drug Prohibition and the Conscience of Nations. Washington, D.C., Drug Policy Foundation.

"Some researchers theorize that prohibition actually makes illegal drugs more attractive to poor people…" Oerther , Frederick J. (1992) "Economic Effects of Prohibition Target the Poor." Printed in Trebach, Arnold et al (1992) Strategies for Change. Washington, D.C.: The Drug Policy Foundation, pp. 34-40.

"Some states have instituted programs that force welfare recipients to pass drug tests…" Simon, Stephanie (Dec. 18, 1999). "Unlikely Support for Drug Tests on Welfare Applicants Services." Los Angeles Times, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99.n1375.a04.html.

2.12.3 YOUNG PEOPLE

"Children are affected by drugs on a much smaller scale than adults…" Males, Mike (1996). The Scapegoat Generation, pp. 159-176, and pp. 176-180, especially see chart on p. 178.

"Students can be searched for virtually any reason…" Duke, et al (1993). America’s Longest War, pp. 127-128.

"Following that lead, some school districts have implemented random drug tests for all students…" Stevens, David (March 30, 2000). "Dad says he's an outcast for fighting drug-test policy." Dallas Morning News, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00.n424.a05. Also see Kennedy, Sheryl (Aug. 7, 1998). "Waukegan High Eyes Random Drug Tests." Chicago Tribune, Metro DuPage section, p. 1.

"Studies of widely-used "drug education" programs like DARE…" Hays, V. Dion (April 18, 1997). "Program to cut drug use may do opposite," Chicago Tribune, p. 4.

"… some affluent areas, like Plano, Texas, were seeing a surge of teenage heroin use…" Stahl, Lori et al (Dec. 8, 1998). "North Texas Heroin Initiative Criticized." Dallas Morning News, online.

"By overstating the dangers of less dangerous drugs, all warnings can seem like mere hype…" This grim reality was illustrated when five high school students died in a car crash. The bodies showed that the students had been using a cleaning product as an inhalants to get high in the car, even though the group had just recently finished making a video for school about the dangers of drug use. See "Huffing' Inhalants Described As `Silent Epidemic'" (March 7, 1999). Fort-Worth Star Telegram, online.

"Some doctors say the drug is necessary for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), … but other doctors question whether the condition exists…" Breggin, Peter (1998). Talking Back to Ritalin. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, pp. 140-162.

"…the production of Ritalin has increased by a factor of six between 1990 and 1995…" Breggin, Peter (1998). Talking Back to Ritalin, p.2.

^"The drug is sometimes diverted to older teens who use it recreationally…."Breggin, Peter (1998). Talking Back to Ritalin, p. 66-76.

"Little attention is focused by drug warriors on it or other drugs that are prescribed for ADD, including the notorious methamphetamine…" Breggin, Peter (1998). Talking Back to Ritalin, p. 48.

"Even kids who avoid drugs both legal and illegal can be hurt if their parents are imprisoned…" For a look at this isssue, see Bernstein, Nell (March 29, 2000). "When the jailhouse is far from home." Salon, online. Available online at http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2000/03/29/jailed/index.html.

2.13.4 DRUG USERS

"Most drug users aren't really much different from the general population…" Miller, Richard (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey, pp.2-3.

"Illegal drug users also tend to share the values of American society…" Elwood, William (1994). Rhetoric in the War on Drugs, pp. 105-122.

"About two-thirds of illegal drug users who are arrested have no record…" Rasmussen et al, The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, pp. 60-65.

"Drug users accused of being drug sellers have been killed in raids." For some examples see Norris, Mikki et al (1998). Shattered Lives, pp. 61-69.

"Federal mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines, which set a mandatory imprisionment time…" Bertram et al (1996). Drug War Politics, pp. 51-52.

"Since prohibitionists don’t consider that there is such a thing as responsible illegal drug use…" For an excellent discussion of use as abuse, see Wagner, David (1997). The New Temperance, pp. 73-78.

"Working at the lowest levels of the market can be more dangerous…" For some real life examples see Simon, David et al (1997). The Corner. New York: Broadway Books.

"Many drug-related deaths labeled as overdoses are actually allergic reactions…" Duke et al (1993). America’s Longest War, pp. 63-64

2.13.5 AVERAGE WORKING PEOPLE

"More Americans than ever are subjected to the … process of urine collection…" Hartwell, Tyler D.et al (November, 1996). "Prevalence of drug testing in the workplace," Monthly Labor Review, pp. 35-42.

"False positive test results are possible…" Holtdorf, Kent (1997). Ur-ine Trouble. Scottsdale, Ariz.:Vandalay Press, pp. 33-55.

"Even when a false positive is corrected, it may have already damaged…" Potter, Beverly and Orfali, J. Sebastian (1990). Drug Testing At Work. Berkely, Ca.: Ronin, pp. 47-55.

"And, employees hoping to keep personal medical matters to themselves…" Holtdorf, Kent (1997). Ur-ine Trouble, pp. 27-31.

"The level of drug use in the workplace, and its effects, are often overstated…" Crow, Stephen et al (Fall, 1992). "Drugs in the Workplace," Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 923-937, especially pp. 931-932. Also see McDonald, Scott (Fall, 1995). "The Role of Drugs in Workplace Injuries: Is Drug Testing Appropriate?" Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 703-721. Also Osterloh, John et al (Oct., 1990). "Chemical Dependency and Drug Testing in the Workplace." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, pp. 407-411.

"When drug users are detected, they frequently are satisfactory employees…" See reports from the American Civil Liberties Union at http://www.aclu.org/library/pbp5.html and also Ligocki, Kenneth (1997). Drug testing: What We All Need to Know. Bellingham, Wash. : Scarborough Pub., pp. 139-146.

"One report indicated that the federal government spent about $77,000 per positive test…" Langton, Phyllis A. (1996). The Social World of Drugs, p. 62.

"While many claim that drug testing increases productivity in the workplace, a study completed in 1998…" Shepard, Edward, et al (September, 1998). "Drug Testing and Labor Productivity: Estimates Applying a Production Function Model." Le Moyne College Institute of Industrial Relations Research Paper Number 18, pp. 1-30.

"Drug testing rates employees not on their productivity or performance…" Gilliom, John (1996). Surveillance, Privacy and the Law: Employee Drug Testing and the Politics of Social Control. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, pp. 43-60.

"If the urine of the workers doesn’t give them away, many companies have started to hire private investigators…" Davis, Michelle (Oct. 12, 1997). "Your coworker may be undercover narc." The Tennessean, p. 1.

2.14 TOXIC STRATEGIES

"Some factions of the Colombian government resisted, but since they were already using a toxic herbicide…" Schemo, Diana Jean (June 20, 1998). "Colombia To Test Coca Herbicide Against Coca Crops." New York Times, online.

"Even though the poisons used in the past have been less toxic than the ones proposed for the future…" Johns, Christina (1992). Power, Ideology and the War on Drugs. Westport, pp. 52-53. For a more recent report on the health problems associated with spraying, see Rohter, Larry (May , 2000). "To Colombians, drug war is a toxic foe." New York Times, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n578/a06.html.

"Colombians who live near the crops targeted for eradication report a variety of sicknesses…" Rohter, Larry (May 1, 2000). "To Colombians, Drug War Is A Toxic Foe." New York Times, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n578/a06.html.

"Marijuana eradication programs in Oklahoma and Hawaii have included dumping poison…" Martindale, Rob (May 14, 1998). "Officers Train To Eradicate Pot Plants." Tulsa World, online. For more about the problems associated with marijuana eradication, see Armentano, Paul (May 27, 1998). Public comments to the United States Department of Agriculture. Available online at http://www.norml.org/legal/testimony.ditchweed.shtml.

"The federal government approved $23 million in 1998 to develop a fungus…" Fields, Gary (Oct. 22, 1998). "US Might Enlist Fungi In Drug War." USA Today, p. 1.

"There is also concern the fungus may render land infertile…" Hogshire, Jim. (Spring, 1998). "The Drug War's Fungal Solution?." Covert Action Quarterly, pp.41-44.

"In Peru, wildlife has been destroyed and human drinking supplies…" Lusane, Clarence (1991) Pipe Dream Blues, pp. 98-99.

"While the drug is relatively easy to make, the process leaves toxic waste behind…" For example see Martin, Glen et al (Oct. 6, 1997). "Meth Labs' Legacy of Poison State's No. 2 hazardous waste problem." San Francisco Chronicle, p. A1.

"Some of the land-clearing operations were implicated in starting uncontrollable fires in Mexico…" LaFranchi, Howard (May 18, 1998). "Marijuana Growers And Drug Traffickers Set Fires In Mexico." Christian Science Monitor, online.

2.15 LOSERS WITHOUT BORDERS

"American aid earmarked for fighting drugs often goes to military leaders…" Lusane, Clarence (1991) Pipe Dream Blues, pp. 135-137.

"For example, Colombian military officials have stated that $38.5 million…" Washington Office on Latin America Policy (June 7, 1991). "Going to the Source: Results and Prospects for the War on Drugs in the Andes." Also see Press, Eyal (February, 1997). "Clinton Pushes Military Aid – Human Rights Abusers Lap It Up," The Progressive, pp. 20-22 Also see Conklin, Melanie (February, 1997). "Terror Stalks a Colombian Town," The Progressive, pp. 23-25. And Dudley, Steven (February, 1997). "U.S. Interests Stoke the Violence in Colombia," The Progressive, pp. 26-27. For a brief but informative summary of what the drug war does to Colombia, see Gray, Mike (1998). Drug Crazy. New York: Random House, pp. 118-131.

"A human rights worker in Tijuana, Mexico has said, 'In Los Angeles, they don't kill…'" De la Garza, Paul, (March 31, 1997). "In Tijuana, war on drugs is lost," Chicago Tribune, p. 1.

"The observation was verified two years later when Tijuana's police chief was assassinated…" Alvord, Valerie (March 15, 2000). "Drug Bloodshed Threatens to Flow Over Border." USA Today, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00.n369.a07.html.

"A report in The Nation on Burma (also known Myanmar), suggested the country’s military government…" Bernstein, Dennis and Kean, Leslie (December, 16, 1996). "Opiate of the People," The Nation. Available online at http://www.soros.org/burma/natndrgs.html. For a more recent report see Kean, Leslie and Bernstein, Dennis (Spring, 1998). "The Burma-Singapore Axis: Globalizing the Heroin Trade," Covert Action Quarterly, pp. 45-52.

 GRAPHS

The graph illustrating the estimated number of African American drug users is based on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1997). "National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1996." Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, p. 19, Table 2D. Cited by Common Sense for Drug Policy's Drug War Factbook on race and prison, available online at http://www.csdp.org/factbook/racepris.htm.

The graph illustrating the number of African Americans arrest on drug charges is based on Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997). Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1996. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 382, Table 4.10, and p. 533, Table 6.36. Cited by Common Sense for Drug Policy's Drug War Factbook on race and prison, available online at http://www.csdp.org/factbook/racepris.htm.

The graph illustrating the number of African Americans in state prisons for drug felonies is based on Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997). Prisoners in 1996. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1997), p. 10, Table 13. Cited by Common Sense for Drug Policy's Drug War Factbook on race and prison, available online at http://www.csdp.org/factbook/racepris.htm.

3.1 OUR PUBLIC SERVANTS

"One researcher found candidates for U.S. Congress fighting uphill battles for election…" Orerther, Frederick J. (1992). "Anti-drug Pork Barrel." printed in Zeese et al, (1992) Strategies for Change, pp. 163-170; quote p. 170.

…"writer Lewis Lapham articulated…" Lapham, Lewis (Dec., 1989). "A Political Opiate – The War on Drugs is a Folly and a Menace." Harper's Magazine, pp. 43-48. Reprinted in Trebach, Arnold and Zeese, Kevin, editors (1990). Drug Prohibition and the Conscience of Nations. Washington, D.C.: The Drug Policy Foundation.

"When President George Bush unveiled a newer, harsher drug program…" Bertram et al (1996). Drug War Politics, p. 146.

"As two sociologists noted in 1989…" Reinarman, Craig et al (Winter, 1989). "Crack in Context: Politics and media in the making of a drug scare." Contemporary Drug Problems, p. 561.

"Alcohol was blamed for upheavals in the early part of the century…" Duke, Steven et al (1993). America’s Longest War, pp. 86-90.

"Likewise, crack was credited with many of the social ills of the 1980's…" Reinarman et al (1997). Crack in America.

3.2 LAW ENFORCEMENT

"For the individual officer on the street, the drug war adds danger to his job…" For a look at the dangers posed to police by prohibition, see Trebach, Arnold (1987). The Great Drug War, pp. 329-348.

"The most recent escalations in the war on drugs have helped to boost the number of police jobs available in America…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, p. 309.

"During the first five years of the Clinton administration, the number of police jobs increased by nearly 11 percent…" There were 858,000 American police jobs in 1992, and 951,000 in 1997. U.S. Census Bureau (1994). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1994. Washington, D.C. and U.S. Census Bureau (1999). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999. Washington, D.C.

"This program allows law enforcement officials to raise money themselves…" Blumenson, Eric et al (1997). "Policing for Profit: The Drug War’s Hidden Economic Agenda." University of Chicago Law Review. The comprehensive review states: "The Justice Department, the DEA and other federal law enforcement agencies have essentially been given the freedom to fund themselves in whatever amount their agents can legally seize." Available online at: http://www.fear.org/chicago.html.

"The U.S. Department of Justice asset forfeiture fund grew from $27 million…" Hyde, Henry (1995). Forfeiting Our Property Rights, p. 30.

"In Florida, police collected $124 million in forfeiture fund from 1996-1999…" Hiaasen, Scott (Oct. 5, 1999). "Forfeiture Law Helps Finance War On Drug Dealers." Tampa Tribune, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99.n1090.a08.html.

"Economists have shown that local police who are allowed to retain seized assets…" Rasmussen et al (1994). The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, p. 121.

"According to a report on Dateline NBC, police officers in parts of Louisiana…" Dateline NBC (Aug. 21, 1997) "Probable Cause?"

"When leaders of the Bureau of Alcohol and Tobacco wanted to serve warrants at the Branch Davidian Compound…" Weir, William (1995). In the Shadow of the Dope Fiend, pp. 214-215.

"At the FBI, agents shun white collar crime cases…" Burnham, David (Aug. 11, 1997). "The FBI." The Nation , pp. 15-16

"Or as researchers noted: 'Police can focus resources on drug control…'" Rasmussen et al (1994). The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War, p. 132-133.

3.3 LITERAL DRUG WARRIORS

"The war on drugs may have started as a metaphorical catch phrase…" Chomsky, Noam (1992). Deterring Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang, pp. 144-172.

"But now, a decade later, drugs and drug money still flow through the country…" Farah, Douglas (Nov. 19, 1998). "In Panama, Drug Money's Clout Outlives Noriega," Washington Post, online. Also see, Robinson, Jeffrey (1996). The Laundrymen. New York: Arcade, p. 71.

"The drug war has given the military a reason to maintain and sometimes expand its presence…" For several examples, see Johns, Christina (1992). Power, Ideology and the War on Drugs, pp. 159-171. To learn more about how the drug war has been militarized in Latin America see Zirnite, Peter (April, 1998). "The Militarization of the Drug War in Latin America." Current History, pp 166-173.

"While there was no evidence the border patrols were having any effect, the U.S. House voted to support…" Associated Press (Sept. 5, 1997). "House: Put Troops at U.S. Border," online.

"Some reports indicate that Mexican drug lords are hiring former U.S. soldiers…" Richard A. Serrano (Aug. 22, 1997) "ExGIs Aid Drug Lords ," International Herald-Tribune.

3.4 COMPANY SECRETS

"Renewed allegations of the CIA shielding cocaine traffic…" The newspaper series was expanded into a book, Webb, Gary (1998). Dark Alliance.New York: Seven Stories Press.

"Historian Alfred McCoy documented more than 40 years of U.S. government involvement…" For an in-depth look at the historical relationship between the CIA and drug traffickers, see McCoy, Alfred (1991). The Politics of Heroin. New York: Lawrence Hill Books. For a shorter summary, see McCoy Alfred (1990). "The CIA & The Politics of Narcotics," an interview by David Barsamian printed in The Guns ‘n’ Drugs Reader (1991) Santa Barbara, Ca.: Prevailing Winds Research, pp. 114-127.

"Even as the CIA released its own report in 1998 which confirmed an official policy of ignoring drug trafficking…" Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General (Oct. 8, 1998). Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States: Volume II: The Contra Story (96-0143-IG). Available online at: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/cocaine/index.html. This is a gigantic document, but to cut to the chase and see a document at the site which confirms that an agreement had been reached not to report narcotics trafficking by "non-employees" of the CIA go to http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/cocaine/13.gif.

"The report from the subcommittee noted…" Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations (1989). Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy. Wasington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 41, cited in Scott, Peter Dale and Marshall, Jonathan (1991). Cocaine Politics. Berkeley, Ca.: University of California, p. 10. Selections from the actual report are available online at http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/contracoke.html.

3.5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ETHICALLY CHALLENGED

"The global drug trade has been valued at $180 billion to $1 trillion…" Stares, Paul (1996). Global Habit. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, p. 2. For the higher estimate see Kerry, John (1997). The New War. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 87.

"As poor countries and their inhabitants become more desperate, illegal drug production will increase…" Stares, Paul (1996). Global Habit, pp. 47-53.

"The black market increases the profitability of drugs…" Stares, Paul (1996). Global Habit, p. 53.

"In some states, informants can receive up to 25 percent of the property seized…" Schlosser, Eric (April, 1997). "More Reefer Madness," Atlantic Monthly, p. 96. Available online at http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97apr/reef.htm.

"Really crafty informants can eliminate competition by turning them into police…" Hyde, Henry (1995). Forfeiting Our Property Rights, pp. 46-47.

"Other informants finger people only marginally connected to the drug trade…" PBS Frontline, Snitch, Jan. 12, 1999. Text available online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch

"One informant smuggled tons of cocaine…" ABC News – Primetime Live (July 8, 1998). "Doublecross: U.S. Customs Embarassed by Smuggling Informant."

3.6 INDIRECT OPPORTUNITIES

"The illegal drug trade uses the services of launderers more…" Robinson, Jeffrey (1996). The Laundrymen, pp. 217-239.

"According to a U.S. Government Accounting Office report, Citibank helped a former Mexican official…" Government Accounting Office (Oct. 30, 1998). Raul Salinas, Citibank and Alleged Money Laundering (GAO/OSI-99-1). Available online by searching for title at http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces160.shtml.

"This is just one example of the willingness of banks to launder money…" For more examples, see Naylor, R.T. (1987). Hot Money and the Politics of Debt. New York: The Linden Press/Simon and Schuster.

"And, according to some reports, many other legitimate businesses are cashing in…" Marks, Alexandra (Oct. 22, 1997). "US Firms Unwittingly Aid Drug Lords" Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 22, 1997.

"If prison operators are forced to let someone out early, it's more likely to be a murderer…" Benson, Bruce L. and Rasmussen, David W. (1996)."Independent Policy Report: Illicit Drugs and Crime" Oakland, Ca.: The Independent Institute.

"According to investigative reporter David Burnham, the FBI helped…" Burnham, David (Aug. 11, 1997). "The FBI," p.12.

3.7 IT'S LEGAL SO IT MUST BE OK

"As of 1992, the PDFA had accepted $5.4 million…" Cotts, Cynthia, (March 9, 1992). "Hard Sell in the Drug War." The Nation, pp. 300-302. Available online at http://www.pdxnorml.org/Nation030992.html.

"…even as the organization promoted deceptive campaigns about the dangers of illegal drugs." Buchanan, David R., and Wallack, Lawrence (Spring, 1998). "This is the Partnership for a Drug-free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 329-356.

"It also seems hardly coincidental that the PDFA’s first chairman, James Burke…" Buchanan, David R., and Wallack, Lawrence (Spring, 1998). "This is the Partnership for a Drug-free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 329-356.

"…especially when one considers that legal pharmaceuticals are related about 100,000 deaths each year…" Monmaney, Terence (April 14, 1998). "Medications kill 100,000 annually, study says." Los Angeles Times, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n273/a04.html.

"It has been estimated that if marijuana were legalized as medicine, the pharmaceutical industry would lose…" Herer, Jack (1993). The Emperor Wears No Clothes, pp. 33-36.

"Writer Cynthia Cotts, who exposed the connection…" Cotts, Cynthia, (March 9, 1992). "Hard Sell in the Drug War." The Nation, pp. 300-302. Available online at http://www.pdxnorml.org/Nation030992.html.

"Peppermint Prozac is popular and plans are underway…" Langton, James (Aug. 17, 1997). "Orangeflavour Prozac to be aimed at children," Daily Telegraph, online.

"And, as noted in the last chapter, reports indicate some of those 'good' drugs…" Breggin, Peter (1997). Talking Back to Ritalin, pp. 67-71. Also see Vogt, Amanda (Jan. 22, 1999). "Teens Find High In Ritalin, Experts Say," Chicago Tribune, Metro DuPage Section, p. 1.

3.8 THE DRUG WAR INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

"The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency gets a good chunk of the federal drug budget…" Many of the contract amounts granted to private companies by the DEA are listed on the DEA web page at: http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/acquisitions/acquisitions.htm.

3.8.1 DRUG TESTING ALCHEMY

"Figures from 1990 indicate the gross profit from drug testing…" Zimmer, Lynn and Jacobs, James B. (Spring, 1992). "The business of drug testing: technological innovation and social control." Contemporary Drug Problems, p. 11.

"Since then, the range of citizens undergoing tests has continued to explode." Hartwell et al (November, 1996). "Prevalence of Drug Testing in the Workplace," Monthly Labor Review, pp. 35-42.

"According to a press release from American Bio Medica…" American Bio Medica (June 30, 1998). "American Bio Medica’s Rapid Drug Screen Advances the State-of-the-Art in On-Site Drug Testing," company press release. Available online at http://www.marijuananews.com/as_congress_pushes_drug.htm.

3.8.2 HOOKED ON REHAB

"In 1991 more than $4 billion in funding was made available …for treatment…More than half of that money…" Langton, Phyllis (1996). The Social World of Drugs, p. 313.

"Some observers state that half of the people who receive treatment…" Peele, Stanton (1995). Diseasing of America. San Francisco: Lexington Books, pp. viii-ix.

"Again, average citizens are asked to ante up, as much rehab is paid…" Peele, Stanton (1995). Diseasing of America. San Francisco: Lexington Books,pp. 126-128.

"Some choose prison." Massing, Michael (1998). The Fix. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 236. Some people who have experienced coercive treatment programs have started to speak out about their experiences, and some say that jail or prison would be preferable. For one online, see http://fornits.com/anonanon.

"While some researchers have shown that treatment is more cost-effective…" Rydell. C. Peter amd Everingham, Susan S. (1994). Controlling Cocaine. Rand Corporation.

"other researchers have shown that most people who have problems with addiction behavior alter that behavior on their own…" Peele, Stanton (1995). Diseasing of America, pp. 173-202.

"…especially considering that recent government policy encourages prison sentences to incorporate coerced treatment instead of treatment…" For an example of this idea see Anglin, M. Douglas, et al (1998). "The Effectiveness of Coerced Treatment for Drug-Abusing Offenders." Available online at: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/treat/consensus/anglin.pdf A good critique of the idea of coerced treatment as the savior of the drug war comes from Stanton Peele's review of The Fix. Available online at http://www.peele.net/lib/massing.html.

3.8.3 LINKED LIKE A FENCE

"The drug industrial complex and the prison industrial complex…" For anyone who thinks the prison industrial complex is merely a figment of the imagination of conspiracy theorists, go to the web page at: http://www.corrections.com which features links to more than 4,000 companies that make up and service the prison industry.

"The capacity in state and federal prisons grew by 41 percent…" Reuters, (Aug. 11, 1997). "U.S. scrambles to build prisons," Online.

"That's because the population jumped 235 percent…" Irwin, John et al (1997). It’s About Time: America’s Imprisonment Binge. Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, p. 1.

"The number of drug offenders in prison increased by 510 percent…" Elikann, Peter T. (1996). The Tough on Crime Myth. New York: Insight Books, p. 162.

"The number of private prison beds has increased from 1,000 in 1984 to …" Figures on private prison profitability come from Davidson, Joe, (October, 1997) "Caged Cargo." Emerge, pp.36-46.

"The Pelican State Bay Prison has been described as the biggest employer…" Information on Pelican State Bay Prison come from Parenti, Christian (June, 1997). "Rural Prison as Colonial Master." Z Magazine, pp. 11-14.

With laborers who work for $1 an hour (or considerably less) the federal government generated $600 million…" Knight-Ridder/Tribune wire (November 29, 1997). "Manufacturers complain of prison work programs." Chicago Tribune, p. 8. To see the kind of deals prison labor allows the U.S. government offers to its own agencies check out the UNICOR website online at: http://www.unicor.gov.

"Already hugely profitable corporations, including Microsoft, reportedly use cheap prison labor…" Pens, Dan (May, 1996). "Microsoft ‘Outcells’ the Competiton." Z Magazine, online. Available online at http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/may96pens.htm.

":As one investment group noted in an invitation…" This quote was reported in the journal Dark Night Field Notes, Number 11, p. 34.

3.8.4 A WHOLE NEW REASON TO SPY

"One private eye performing surveillance for parents…" LA Daily News (Oct. 6, 1997) "Private Eye an Ally Vs. Drug Use," online.

"One security firm representative said his company had 75-100 such operations going…" Davis, Michelle, (Oct. 12, 1997). "Your coworker may be undercover narc." The Tennessean, p. 1.

"The use of police dogs has exploded around the country…" To get an idea of how many police departments have dogs, and how many private training services are taking advantage of the opportunity, go to the following list of police dog links: http://www.k9cop.com/www.htm#PoliceK9WebLinks.

"In the suburbs of Chicago, only a few years ago not many local police departments had 'K-9 units…'" Orr, Ginger (Feb. 3, 1999). "Future Fuzzy For Canine Cops." Chicago Tribune, Metro DuPage, p. 1.

"In one Idaho community, law enforcement officials decided they would let police dogs roam public parking lots…" Holbrook, Vickie and Bass, Sam (Nov. 5, 1998). "Police Will Search Parked Cars For Drugs." The Idaho Press-Tribune, online.

"Media outlets tend to see stories about police dogs as warm and fuzzy… though the dogs have been known to maul suspects…" See the excerpt from "Injuries Related to K-9 Dog Bites" (May, 1997). Annals of Emergency Medicine, available online at: http://www.aceology.com/med/mpenv/k9.htm.

"One police department's use of police dogs led to so many injuries…"Castaneda, Ruben (April 4, 1999). "FBI Probing Canine Unit." Washington Post, p.1.

"According to one report, a woman who wasn't even a suspect in any crime…" Deacle, Scott (Jan. 1, 1998). "WF police dog bites worker opening store." Wake Weekly (North Carolina), online.

3.8.5 MEDIA MAKE A BUCK AND LOOK RESPONSIBLE

"Also, presenting drug war propaganda show how caring and philanthropic major media outlets are…" To see how this idea relates to the advertising industry see Buchanan, David R. and Wallack, Lawrence (Spring, 1998)."This is the Partnership for a Drug-Free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues, p. 349. For an account of how the media helped government to create the crack scare in the 1980s, see Reeves, Jimmie and Campbell, Richard (1994). Cracked Coverage.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

"In 1998, $1 billion was made available by the federal government to place anti-drug advertisements…" Kane, Courtney (July 9, 1998). "U.S. Starts Paid Ad Campaign Against Drugs." New York Times online.

"Television networks were paid by the government if they ran the ads…" Forbes, Daniel (Jan. 13, 2000). "Drug Money." Salon, online. Available at http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/01/13/drugs/index.html.

"The same journalist then took a look at the government's dealings with magazines…" Forbes, Daniel (March 31, 2000). "The Drug War Gravy Train." Salon, online. Available at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n428/a04.html.

3.8.6 SUPPLYING DRUG WARRIORS AND DRUG SELLERS

"For example, the executive branch of the federal government has requested $9 million…" Lumpe, Lora (Summer, 1997). "The U.S. Arms Both Sides of the Mexican Drug War." Covert Action Quarterly, pp. 39-45.

"According to the Federation of American Scientists, the U.S. has exported about half a billion…" From the Federaton of American Scientists report on arms in Colombia. Available online at http://www.fas.org/asmp/profiles/colombia.htm.

"Even more military aid was proposed in the year 2000 for Colombia, a whopping $1.3 billion. The arms sellers know this could mean more sales…" Lowenberg, Sam (Feb. 21, 2000). "Big Guns Back Aid to Colombia." Legal Times, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n261/a06.html.

"Arms dealers are also cashing in by selling high tech, paramilitary weapons and equipment to American police departments…" Kraska, Peter and Kappeler, Victor (February, 1997). "Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units." Social Problems. Cited by Cassidy, Peter (Fall 1997). "The Rise in Paramilitary Policing." Covert Action Quarterly, pp. 20-25.

"The need for this equipment is often justified by anti-drug operations, even though…" Egan, Timothy (March 1, 1999). "Crack's Legacy: Soldiers of the Drug War Remain on Duty." New York Times, online.

3.9 THE ANTI-DRUG BUREACRACY

"Just to run that office cost the taxpayers about $289 million in 1997…" U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, p. 63. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html.

"The US Department of Agriculture gets a boost because it helps the drug warriors determine…" Langton, Phyllis A. (1996). The Social World of Drugs, p. 109. Langton offers a good overview of the bureaucracy related to drug law enforcement on pp. 108-111.

"Again there are some government agencies designed strictly for this purpose…" Langton, Phyllis A. (1996). The Social World of Drugs, pp. 133-155.

"A pair of good examples are Peter Bensinger and Robert DuPont." Their company web site, detailing their past in government and the services currently offered by the company, can be found at http://www.bensingerdupont.com.

3.10 CONSOLIDATING POWER

"For example, it was widely reported that former Colombian president Ernesto Samper received…" Kerry, John (1997). The New War, pp. 70-86.

"As author Jeffrey Robinson noted in his book…" Robinson, Jeffrey (1996). The Laundrymen, p. 217.

"In Burma, it's difficult to separate government from…" Bernstein, Dennis et al (Dec. 6, 1997). "Opiate of the People." The Nation. Available online at http://www.soros.org/burma/natndrgs.html.

"In Mexico in 1997, the man appointed to be the nation's "drug czar" was arrested…" De la Garza, Paul (February 21, 1997). "Drug czar’s arrest puts Mexico on thin ice with the U.S." Chicago Tribune, p. 1.

It’s not too hard to find other connections between different governments and drug traffickers, in Peru, Cambodia, Guatemala, and Turkey… " "CIA And Drugs: Our Man In Peru." (Winter, 1996-1997). Covert Action Quarterly, p.4. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v97/n544/a04.html; Associated Press (Aug. 14, 1997)."New drug-money fear in Cambodia." Chicago Tribune, p. 7; Smyth, Frank (March 5, 1999). "Genocide, and Drug-Trafficking Too." Salon Magazine, online; and Kurkcu, Ertugrul (Winter, 1996-1997). "Trapped in a Web of Covert Killers." Covert Action Quarterly, pp. 6-12.

"…there are places where transnational crime organizations wield more power than some governments…" Shelley, Louise (1999). "Transnational Organized Crime: The New Authoritarianism." Published in Friman, H. Richard and Andreas, Peter (1999). The Illicit Global Economy and State Power. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 25-51.

GRAPHS

The first graph illustrating the explosion of seized assets is based on Government Accounting Office (1992, Dec.). "Asset Forfeiture Programs." Report No.: GAO/HR-93-17. Available online at: http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/US+W/US/Agencies/Exec/GAO/HighRiskSeries/asset-forfeiture

The second graph illustrating the boom in federal prison budgets comes from Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997). Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1996. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 20. Also U.S. Office of Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Available online at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/ndcs.html. Cited by Common Sense for Drug Policy's Drug War Factbook on prison, available online at http://www.csdp.org/factbook/prison.htm.

Quotation: Blumenson, Eric et al (1997). "Policing for Profit: The Drug War’s Hidden Economic Agenda." University of Chicago Law Review. Available online at: http://www.fear.org/chicago.html.

4.1 A NEW STATE RELIGION

"That enemy has been diminished in stature, but a new super enemy was being built up…" For more on this theme, see Chomsky, Noam (1992). Deterring Democracy, pp. 114-121. Much of this text is available online at http://www.drugtext.org/articles/ial5.html.

"Drugs were a perfect choice. They represent an evil Americans had already been conditioned to fear and hate." For a good discussion of "drug hate" see Baggins, David Sadofsky (1998). Drug Hate and the Corruption of American Justice. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.

"Illegal drugs represent a perfect state enemy…" Johns, Christina (1992). Power, Ideology and the War on Drugs, pp. 4-5.

"U.S. Drug Czar Barry McCaffrey testified before Congress…" Wren, Christopher (June, 18, 1998). "McCaffrey Warns Senate Committee of Legalization." New York Times, online edition.

4.2 SOMETHING TO BELIEVE IN

"Since the beginning of the federal crusade against illegal drugs, drug users have been compared…" Epstein, Edward Jay (1977). Agency of Fear. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, pp. 26-34. Available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/aof/aof1.html.

"As one supporter of stauncher drug laws declared…" Both quotes attributed to Captain Richard Hobson. The first is from Epstein, Edward Jay (1977). Agency of Fear. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 27. The second is from Musto, David (1973). The American Disease. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, p. 191.

"About sixty years later, Newsweek described illegal drug use…" Smith Richard M. (June 16, 1986). "The Plague Among Us." Newsweek. Cited in Reinarman, Craig, et al (1997). Crack in America, p. 4.

"The use of illegal drugs also represents a willingness to break society’s symbolic boundaries…" Manderson, Desmond (Fall, 1995). "Metamorphoses: Clashing Symbols in the Social Construction of Drugs." The Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 799-816, quote from p. 809.

4.3 ILLEGAL DRUG PROPAGANDA

"Illegal drugs have come to symbolize so many things because of an active propaganda campaign…" For a great analysis of American anti-drug propaganda, see Bryce, Susan (July, 1999). "Propaganda & The War On Drugs." New Dawn Magazine. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99/n711/a10.html.

"When Harry J. Anslinger … started crusading against marijuana…" Bonnie, Richard J. and Whitebread, Charles H. (1974). The Marijuana Conviction, pp. 93-117.

"Likewise, when President Richard Nixon decided to wage a war on drugs, he contacted television…" Epstein, Edward Jay (1977). Agency of Fear, pp. 166-172. Available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/aof/aof20.html.

"In the early 1990s, prominent members of the newspaper business…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, pp.307-308.

"The Partnership for a Drug-Free America produced $2 billion worth of ads…" Solomon, Norman (May, 1997). "The Partnership for a Candor-free America." The Humanist, pp.9-10.

"In 1998, Congress approved federal funding to pay for more air-time for the ads…" Kane, Courtney (July 9, 1998). "U.S. Starts Paid Ad Campaign Against Drugs." New York Times, online.

"Congress apparently did not consider that the campaigns have been inaccurate and ineffective^…" Buchanan, David R. and Wallack, Lawrence (Spring, 1998)."This is the Partnership for a Drug-Free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues, p. 335-346. For a detailed information about the ineffectiveness of the ads, see Hill, Daniel (April 27, 1998). "Drug Money." Brandweek. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n000/a03.html.

"The ads do not consider how to properly address the problem of drug abuse." Buchanan, David R. and Wallack, Lawrence (Spring, 1998)."This is the Partnership for a Drug-Free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues, pp.335-336.

"Surveying earlier PDFA ads, one researcher noticed that drug users were almost always portrayed as young…" Elwood, William N. (1994). The Rhetoric of the War on Drugs, pp. 60-63.

4.4 NO LIE TOO GREAT

"Addiction researcher Stanton Peele has studied how the New York Times printed misinformation…" Peele, Stanton (1996) "Assumptions About Drugs and the Marketing of Drug Policies" Published In: W.K. Bickel & R.J. DeGrandpre, Drug Policy and Human Nature, New York: Plenum, 1995, pp. 199-220. Available online at: http://www.peele.net/lib/models.html.

"'Much of the most irrational juvenile violence and killing that has written a new chapter of shame…'" Anslinger, Harry J. and Oursler, Will (1961). The Murderers. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, p. 38. This chapter of the book is available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/murd3.htm.

"On a tour of Europe in 1998, national drug czar Barry McCaffrey claimed the murder rate…" Chapman, Steve (July 23, 1998). "In The Drug War, Fantasy Beats Facts." Chicago Tribune, p. 23.

"And, much of the U.S. press cheerfully printed McCaffrey’s assertion…" This is how the Orange County Register covered the story July 15, 1998 in their online edition: "McCaffrey Tries to Ease Dutch Anger on Visit - U.S. drug czar Barry R.McCaffrey sought Tuesday to ease Dutch anger over his criticism of the Netherlands' permissive drug laws,saying he has "high respect" for the country despite differences over narcotics policy. McCaffery,a retired general,visited the U.N. Drug Control Program in Vienna,Austria,as part of a tour of European drug treatment and prevention centers. The visit has been overshadowed by the storm over his criticism of the Netherlands for allowing marijuana and other drugs for therapeutic and recreational purposes. He said it contributed to crime."

"McCaffrey has lied repeatedly." For a brief sample of McCaffrey’s lies compared with the real facts, check out the DrugeSense ad placed in the Oct. 5, 1998 issue of The New Republic. A copy of the ad is available online at: http://www.drugsense.org/ads/pinocchio.htm.

"The modern U.S. Supreme Court, in decision after decision, has taken drug war propaganda as truth…" Husak, Douglas and Peele, Stanton (Summer, 1998). "One of the Major Problems of Our Society: Symbolism and Evidence of Drug Harms in U.S. Supreme Court Decisions." Contemporary Drug Problems, pp. 191-233. Available online at http://www.peele.net/lib/supreme.html.

4.5 CONTROLLING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION

"Drug policy reform pioneer Alfred Lindesmith noted that when information contradicting the FBN’s…" See Lindesmith, Alfred (1965). The Addict and the Law. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, pp. 243-268. Lindesmith also reports that official data seemed to be manipulated to show that FBN policy was a success, even though it wasn’t in reality (pp. 262-266).

"The American Bar Association and American Medical Association formed a committee to prepare a report on federal anti-drug efforts…" King, Rufus (1972). The Drug Hang-Up, pp. 161-175. Available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/special/king/dhu/dhu18.htm.

"When the Nixon administration sought to use drugs as a law enforcement issue…" Epstein, Edward Jay (1977). Agency of Fear. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, pp. 173-177. Available online at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/aof/aof21.html.

"Some experts in the drug treatment field recall being pressured to change their public statements…" Massing, Michael (1998). The Fix, pp. 169-176.

"Politicians have applied similar pressure to researchers to dig up information…" Massing, Michael (1998). The Fix, p. 186.

"Nixon ignored a report released during his administration that called for a sane approach to marijuana…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, pp. 71-72.

"Reagan didn’t change any of his anti-marijuana rhetoric…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, p.62.

"Marijuana research has been completely stifled throughout the 1990s…" Beck, Ellen (March 10, 1999). "Feds Rebuff Marijuana Researchers." UPI, online.

4.6 DRUG "EDUCATION"

"Most data collected about DARE shows that it has no value in preventing…" Hays, V. Dion (April 18, 1997). "Program to cut drug use may do opposite." Chicago Tribune, p. 4.

"…one study indicates that students who go through the program may actually be more likely to use drugs…" Rosenbaum, Dennis P., et al (April 6, 1998). "Assessing the Effects of School-Based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multi-Level Analysis of Project D.AR.E." Department of Criminal Justice and Center for Research in Law and Justice, Univeristy of Illinois at Chicago. Available online at: http://emporium.turnpike.net/~jnr/uic.htm.

"Thomas Szasz wrote that drug education is…" Szasz, Thomas (1992). Our Right to Drugs, p. 90.

"Throughout history, institutions and individuals have tried to punish other individuals for using…" Szasz, Thomas (1985). Ceremonial Chemistry, pp. 183-219.

"Scientists conducted experiments that tried to conclude whether the drug PCP incites violence." Roth, Jeffrey A. (Feb,. 1994) "Psychoactive Substances and Violence." National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief. Available online at http://www.pdxnorml.org/violence.html.

"Propaganda helps to convince those who do not use illegal drugs that people who do use illegal drugs deserve…" Alexander, Bruce K. (1990). Peaceful Measures, pp.33-46.

4.7 ASSIGNING ALL BLAME

"Societies have always picked some members to blame and eventually sacrifice…" For an enlightening look at the scapegoating of drugs and drug users, see Szasz, Thomas (1985). Ceremonial Chemistry.

"Federal officials in 1997 told the public that crime, violence…" Office of National Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, p. 3.

"Of course, more enlightened observers with less of a profit motive…" Alexander, Bruce K. (1990). Peaceful Measures, pp. 255-291.

"However, we must remember that before other societies began a mass slaughter of their scapegoats…" For an disturbing look at the parallels between the drug war and Nazi Germany's war against Jews, see Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey.

4.8 A DOUBLE STANDARD

"While members of the U.S. Congress have mandated drug testing in both the private and public sector…" Jacoby, Mary (Dec. 30, 1996). "Congress balks at drug tests." Chicago Tribune, p. 1. Also see Associated Press (June 4, 1998) "Lawmakers Call for Mandatory Drug Testing in House," online.

"A judge made a name for herself by forfeiting assets…" Miller, Richard (1996). Drug Warriors and Their Prey, p. 105.

"The son of U.S. Rep. Dan Burton was arrested first with eight pounds of marijuana…" Schlosser, Eric (April, 1997). "More Reefer Madness." The Atlantic, p. 96. Available online at http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97apr/reef.htm.

"In Hawaii, for example, a marijuana activist ordered legal sterilized hemp seeds…" Kua, Crystal (Oct. 10, 1997). "Hemp seed case ends in mistrial." Hawaii Tribune Herald, p. 1.

"More recently, Steve Kubby, an outspoken medical marijuana user…" For a good summary of the case and reasons why it is wrong, see an editorial titled "Outrage In Law," (Jan. 21, 1999). Orange County Register, online.

"And, not content with arresting him, police seized his computer…" Release from Kubby, available online at: http://www.marijuananews.com/court_refuses_to_return_the_kubb.htm.

"Jocelyn Elders was harshly criticized and eventually removed from her post…" Baum, Dan (1996). Smoke and Mirrors, p. 334.

"As broadcaster Hugh Downs was asked about what he wanted to talk about…" Downs made his comments at the end of the Sept. 24 broadcast of 20/20. The comments are archived at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99.n1047.a13.html.

4.9 DRUGWARSPEAK

"The sort of venomous insinuations unleashed on those who would alter any aspect of drug policy…" Unsigned editorial, "500 Drug Geniuses." (June 10, 1998). Wall Street Journal, online edition.

"That particular word has helped to promote the violence and hatred…" See Brauer, Ralph (May 21, 1990). "The Drug War of Words." The Nation, pp. 705-706.

"The word addict has come to be a label for a person who should be feared and despised…" Szasz, Thomas (1985). Ceremonial Chemistry, pp. 3-18.

"…there have been reports of some individuals connected with Straight Edge…" Zoellner, Tom (September, 1998). "Don’t Drink, Don’t Smoke, What Do You Do?" Harper’s Magazine, p. 28. For a more positive look at Straight Edge, including the suggestion that nonviolence is inherent in the movement, see Irwin, Darrell (Spring, 1999). "The Straight Edge Subculture." Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 365-380.

"As one observer noted…" Gordon, Diana (1994). The Return of the Dangerous Classes, p. 185.

4.10 ADDICTION AS DISEASE AS IDEOLOGY

"Addiction researcher Stanton Peele has argued convincingly…" See Peele, Stanton, and Brodsky, Archie (1991). The Truth About Addiction and Recovery. New York, Fireside. Also see Peele, Stanton (1995). The Diseasing of America. Many articles by Peele on similar topics (including a startling piece called "Denial" which details the how the treatment industry has tried to bury information which discredits the profession, much like the drug war industry has tried to bury information which discredits its crusade) are available online at his web site at http://www.peele.net.

"Most people who end addictive behavior do so on their own." Peele, Stanton (1991). The Truth About Addiction and Recovery, pp. 11-13.

"Peele sees some aspects of the drug war as symbolic of the triumph of disease ideology,,," Peel, Stanton (1995). The Diseasing of America, p. 228.

4.11 AN AUTHORITARIAN IDEAL

"The drug war tells us that when we approach the problem of workplace safety, all that really matters is the types of drugs used by individual workers…" Gilliom, John (1996). Surveillance, Privacy and the Law, pp. 43-51.

"The drug war tells us inner cities are deteriorating because of drugs…" Reinarman et al, (1997). Crack in America, pp. 37-39.

"The propaganda of the drug war constantly reinforces the idea that drug users should be punished…" To see how the Partnership for a Drug Free America promotes this ideology, see Buchanan, et al (Spring, 1998). "This is the Partnership for a Drug-Free America: Any Questions?" Journal of Drug Issues p. 346.

GRAPH

This chart is adapted from an ad created by Common Sense for Drug Policy. The entire ad is available online at: http://www.drugsense.org/ads/pinocchio.htm.

5.1 IDEOLOGICAL RESISITANCE

"One organization … is called the Media Awareness Project…" See the MAP’s website at: http://www.mapinc.org.

"At the same time, the unsupportable claims and blatant lies of drug warriors won’t just fade into memory…" Most of the newspaper and magazine articles cited in this book are available online at the MAP website by searching http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews.

"Many individuals are using it in brilliant ways, including Cliff Schaffer…" See http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/index.HTM or see http://www.druglibrary.org for even more.

"Richard Cowan, a longtime marijuana activist, uses the Internet…" See http://www.marijuananews.com.

"And journalist Al Giordano is using the net to show how some other people in the world see the drug war…" See http://www.narconews.com.

5.2 INDIVIDUALS WORKING TOGETHER

"Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM)" See http://www.famm.org.

"Forfeiture Endangers Americans Rights (FEAR)" See http://www.fear.org.

"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Law" See http://www.norml.org.

"Marijuana Policy Project" http://www.mpp.org.

"The November Coalition" See http://www.november.org.

"Human Rights 95" See http://www.hr95.org.

"The Drug Policy Foundation" See http://www.dpf.org.

"DrugSense" See http://www.csdp.org. Please note that the data for many of the graphs in this book came from data available at the CSDP website.

"Drug Reform Coordination Network" http://www.drcnet.org.

"The Lindesmith Center-Drug Policy Foundation" See http://www.lindesmith.org.

5.3 NEW PERSPECTIVES

"The Harm Reduction Coalition calls harm reduction…" This is from the organization’s principles at its website at: http://www.harmreduction.org/prince.html.

"Harm reduction advocates understand that compassion and common sense are more beneficial…" To see some specific recommendations for harm reduction policies in the U.S. see Network of Reform Groups (1999). The Effective National Drug Control Strategy 1999. Available online at: http://www.csdp.org/edcs.

"Some take a free market approach…" Szasz, Thomas (1992). Our Right to Drugs.

"Others come from a rights-based perspective…" Husak, Douglas (1998) "Two Rationales For Drug Policy." Printed in Fish, Jefferson (1998). How To Legalize Drugs. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, pp. 29-60.

"…some interesting specific plans have been suggested for implementing…" For several examples, see Fish, Jefferson (1998). How To Legalize Drugs, pp. 406-660.

5.4 ORTHODOXY CHALLENGED

"Individual police, politicians and government officials have challenged the effectiveness of the drug war…" See Bertram, Eva et al (Jan. 6, 1997). "Resisters Say We’re Fighting the Wrong Battles." The Nation, pp. 11-17.

"McNamara reported that 90 percent of those responding to the survey…" McNamara, Joseph (May 16, 1995). Highlight of Hoover Law Enforcement Summit. Available online at http://drcnet.org/guide1-96/highlight.html.

"Reagan’s Secretary of State George Schultz has said…" Bertram et al (Jan. 6, 1997) "Resisters Say We’re Fighting the Wrong Battles," The Nation. p. 12.

5.5 GIVING VOICE TO THE PEOPLE

"…while many state and local law enforcement officers also ignored the will of the people." See, for example, Pulley, Michael (Feb. 18, 1999). "The Hidden War." The Sacramento News & Review. P.1.

"In 1998, citizens approved every medical marijuana initiative…" Bendavid, Naftali (Nov. 5, 1998). "U.S. Tempers Reaction After 5 States Ok Medicinal Pot." Chicago Tribune, online. To see an interesting post-election report and analysis from the Drug Reform Coordination Network online go to: http://www.drugsense.org/dsw/1998/ds98.n72.html.

Perhaps most amazingly, some local candidates from around the nation…" Sward, Susan (Nov. 7, 1998). "Mendocino Sheriff, DA Favor Decriminalizing Pot." San Francisco Chronicle, online.

5.6 REAL LEADERSHIP

"When Jesse Ventura was campaigning to become the governor…" UPI (Nov. 8, 1998). "Ventura Wants Non-'Stupid' Drug Policy, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n1024/a05.html.

"'I hate to say it, but the majority of people who use drugs use them responsibly…'" (Oct. 5, 1999) "Johnson Defends Most Drug Users." Albuquerque Journal, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v99/n1101/a05.html.

"…even drug czar Barry McCaffrey went out of their way to lash out…" Plevin, Nancy, et al (1999. Oct. 9). "Drug Czar Takes Aim At Johnson." Sante Fe New Mexican, online.

"Unfortunately, some early analysis of the reforms indicate that many abuses are likely to continue…" Dillon, Karen (2000, May 22). "Forfeiture package offers minimal reform, some say." Kansas City Star, online. Available online at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00/n681/a03.html

5.7 JURY NULLIFICATION

"Jury nullification is the right of a jury to judge a law itself…" This definition comes from Larry Dodge, who helped to found the Fully Informed Jury Association, an organization that promotes jury nullification. It is printed in Williams, Mary E. (1997). The Jury System. San Diego: Greenhaven, p. 53.

"At one time, American juries were instructed by judges of their right to judge the law…" Abramson, Jeffrey (1994). We, The Jury. New York: Basic Books, pp. 63-64.

"News reports indicate that more and more members of juries have decided to not to convict suspects…" To learn more about jury nullification, see Abramson, Jeffrey (1994). We, The Jury, pp. 57-95. Also visit the Fully Informed Jury Association website at: http://nowscape.com/fija/fija_us.htm.

5.8 CHANGED PERSPECTIVES

"A study of Dutch and Canadian students showed their opinions about drug policy were changed…" Alexander, Bruce et al (Fall, 1992). "Dubious Consensus: Support for Anti-Drug Policy Among Dutch and Canadian University Students," Journal of Drug Issues, pp. 903-921.

"Drug policy reform pioneer Arnold Trebach found that students…" Trebach, Arnold (1987). The Great Drug War, pp. 90-101.

"The Independent on Sunday started a campaign to decriminalize marijuana…" Online see: http://www.independent.co.uk/sindypot/index.htm.

5.9 GOOD SENSE BEGINS TO PREVAIL ELSEWHERE

"The non-compliance is especially evident in Europe …"For several examples, see Joyce, Elizabeth (April, 1998). "New Drugs, New Responses: Lessons from Europe." Current History, pp. 183-188.

"As an apparent result, fewer Dutch people are taking up ha